Showing 15 results

Tape is Blank. Second interviewer is unknown.

File consists of a recording of Diane Gordon.

File consists of a recording of Mary Alice Murray. Topics of the conversation include hardworking poverty of students enrolled at Queen's to upgrade teaching certificates; 'big effort' of Dept. of Extension students (female teachers and male ministers) to obtain degrees. Procedure of two women from Gr. 13 class, Notre Dame convent, to university (poverty of many, lack of familial support); own notion, derived from instructress, of higher education as responsibility (noblesse oblige). University as road for women to teaching or librarianship only; selection of courses on grounds of pleasure, ability. Value of Latin as mental discipline, foundation of literacy; resurgence in school curricula. Eventual marriage of 90% of female university contemporaries (often to university acquaintances); single status as a woman's 'last choice'. Women's lack of financial motive in attending university, enjoyment of study for its own sake, unselfish ambition, freedom from craving for success. Employment in government income tax office, 1941-57, while living with parents. Deaths of parents; enrolment in Queen's newly-opened law school (surprised by its existence); small number of women law students (12/100 at bar admission, Toronto, 1961); rare status as mature student taking second degree. Positive, sceptical response of several friends, sympathy of income tax boss, 'he approved of all these efforts and went to bat for me.' Bored reaction to income tax work, 'still searching for something'; extensive outside reading. Loss of old friends by the wayside (to marriage etc.), continual necessity of making new ones; early education in independence as only child; affectionate attachment to live-in uncle, distress during law school over his death. Position as sole female graduate of first class of Queen's law school; friendly diversity of class members, parties at subject's home. Generalist nature of Queen's law programme, inability then to specialize. Revulsion against prospect of teaching law; appointment as Secretary, Queen's Faculty of Law; halt to degree at LLB stage. Small registration (85 students, 8 faculty); truth of Dr. Lederman's prophecy subject's job would be an evolving one; enjoyment, satisfaction, of registrarial career. Dedication of Dr. Lederman to Faculty of Law, extensive public relations efforts.// Setting of academic tone of Queen's Faculty of Law by Drs. Corry, Lederman. Importance in life of 'a certain turning outwards', concern for other people; narcissism as self-destruction. Single status as a helpful factor in unstinting professional service; married women's conflicts of interest, strong sense of duty to family, home; dependence of men's success in careers on singleminded freedom from necessity to look after themselves. Levelling off in law school applications, possibility of having reached demand limits for Ontario lawyers. Longlived university attitude to women as mere sexual items, jocular leering over women's applica tions, essays at wit 'We realise you came here for your MRS’; lack of motivation to encourage women to apply. Careful thought given to subject's initial title, 'Secretary of the Law School' (equivalent to current 'Assistant Dean'). Valued personal contact with students as law school Registrar. Value of university where women hold key visible positions, hope that such positions do not 'gravitate back' into hands of men. Inspirational character of Registrar Jean Royce; Royce's invaluable service to faculty and students. Importance of meeting both pure academic and applied career needs of students; value of pure academic liberty to roam through course offerings, sampling disciplines which one may not pursue but which are nonetheless stimulating. Middle-aged woman's fascination with new courses available thirty years after her original studies. Ban Righ Foundation for Continuing University Education (support body for mature female students); warm reception of mature students by Queen's student body; valuable contribution of mature students to university life. Queen's policy of attracting students from across Canada: value in dispelling likeminded sterility, providing graduates with nation-wide network of contacts. Dramatic increase in number of Kingston law firms willing to accept women articling students; lawyers' delight in 'superb' women lawyers. judges' increased acceptance of women lawyers. Logical reasoning as the preserve of female as well as male human beings; irritating expression, 'She thinks like a man.' Disadvantaged position of business women; Sam Zion's Toronto Star advice column; Things My Mother Never Taught Me. Re-education of public tendency to assume any unspecified professional must be a man; continuing small-scale insults to women (e.g. by radio­ broadcasters). Appreciation of women's movement protests (even when strident, objectionable) as sole means of forcing men's attention to problem of unequal status of women.

File consists of a recording of Caroline Mitchell. Topics of the conversation include Kingston Whig Standard article on subject (May 1978). Subject's golf enthusiasm, acquaintance with Sandra Post, Jacqueline Bourassa. Playing golf in England with enlisted father (WWI), dependence of club on Canadian soldiers for membership. Cataraqui Club membership, 1920; current practice (aet. 75: good for health, bad for morale), swimming exercise at cottage. Subject as former badminton champion; 'dandy' club formed by merger of city and garrison clubs in antique school (Wellington and Gore St.); failure of club after forced sale of building, WWII. Curling activities from 1960. Skiing interest at Queen's. French, English studies, let lapse after graduation; uncertainty of personal ambitions. Study for study's sake customary among women during 1920s; schoolteachers as sole female careerists. Annual formals (Meds, Arts, Science, Science Overflow); coveted tickets to Science formal, site of Science Overflow in present-day City Hall. Cheap, pleasant 'social evenings' sponsored weekly by various Years. Continued single status of many of subject's female contemporaries; Sibyl Maclachlan as notable exception. Subject's indecisive 'chequered career': proprietorship of wool shop prompted by hobby interest, ended by wool rationing during WWII; unspecified war job; book-keeping for real estate office; unspecified work, Alcan; book-keeping for Queen's Women's Residences, 1963-71; retirement, 'the best job there is'. Rooming-house business continued since 1940s: previous conformity with ban on co-ed student housing, recent acceptance of both sexes; acquaintance with students through friends, 'no need to advertise'; job benefits of making friends, keeping active. 'Thrill' of honorary recognition by Cataraqui Golf Club. //Stay in Germany with former rooming couple, side-trips to Paris, Spain. Four years in English girls' school (WWI). Time-honoured Kingston 'roots', residence in grandfather's house since childhood; family background. Lack of formal qualifications for book-keeping work; 'dandy' position at Queen's under Dean Bryce; employment by Mr. Bryce at AIcan. Utter contentment living in Kingston. Enjoyment of work, colleagues, despite poor pay; refusal to take coffee breaks, seen as waste of employer's time; stoic indifference to unequal status as female worker, lack of interest in women's movement. 'Beautiful time' playing sports after graduation, lack of defined ambition; decision not to marry, 'I'm so glad I didn't'. Surprising lack of interest in baseball, football, hockey (despite interest in football team at Queen's). Curling acquaintance with Judge Alice McKeown; lawyer Cooky Cartwright, subject's golf 'protegee'. Sandra Post's first Ontario golf tournament, aet. 11; older members' jealous protestation against junior's age (i.e. skill). Cartwright's advocacy of women golfers' right to wear shorts; subject's disapproval of extremes in golfers' dress codes (e.g. mini-shorts). Abstention from Cataraqui Club parties 'because I haven't got a man to go with'; participation in bridge club. Early pro members of Cataraqui Club: Bob Cunningham, Dick Green. Subject's acceptance of discriminatory fees, timetable restrictions placed on women in golf club; belief that members free to play on weekdays ought not to clutter the course outside business hours. Club election of male and female presidents; usual appointment of male president to club presidency. Male-female championship tournament trophy, seldom won by women (once by subject); subject's 'intense annoyance' with illogical assignation of runner-up award, ungenerous stroke differential, rendering male victory certain, trophy itself meaningless. Cataraqui Club fire, 1973.

File consists of a recording of Mary Rowland. Topics of the conversation include limited job opportunity for subject as Queen's Commerce graduate, 1928;usual female procedure into teaching, office work; job scarcity for statisticians. Career development: Ottawa Tariff Board position, recommended by Dr. Mackintosh (subject let go without notice after Stock Market crash, change of government); brief employment by Montreal advertising agency; Queen's library work, prompting study at U. of T. Library School (subsequent disappointing salary raise of $2 per week). Approach from Queen's fellow-student Sandy Skelton (Rhodes Scholar; son of O.D.Skelton, Queen's graduate prominent in Dept. of External Affairs), Chief of Research Dept., Bank of Canada, to organise most important financial library in Canada previous to Bank opening (1936). Organisation of library from scratch, 'a young librarian's dream'; appointment as Assistant to the Secretary (Skelton),Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations; huge Commission programme, enlisting eminent economists from across Canada (notably Drs. Mackintosh, Corry, Deutsch - all Queen's Principals). Subject's original Queen's degree programme, dominant interest in organisations: involvement as Levana Society president, captain of champion intercollegiate women's hockey team. Photographs of Levana executive, hockey team (including H. Laird); interviewer's fascination with changing style of hockey uniforms, short haircuts, 'tube' skates; subject's recent contact with members, still energetic, great travellers. Travel experiences: boat trip to visit German exchange­student (1937); trips abroad after 1958; yearly trips since 1970. Photographic hobby. Shelving of Royal Commission report with advent of WWII; subject's Personnel Dept. position in charge of Bank of Canada female employees. Personnel expansion during WWII: hiring students, housewives, retired persons by the hundred to staff War Savings Certificates Dept., Foreign Exchange Control Board; contrast with previous tight job market; low salaries (not till the end of war did salaries match work). Article on subject, 'Name in the News', Toronto Saturday Night; photo portrait by Karsh. Position as Assistant to Chief of Personnel, in charge of both sexes; reflection on sexual basis, now unacceptable, of previous position in charge of female employees. Recruiting for Bank at Queen's. Cancellation of Foreign Exchange Board, release of married women by Bank after WWII; retention of 200-300 single/needy women; general sentiment that women should make way for men in the post-war job market. Return of married women to paid work in the 1960s, related to 1950s baby boom; fluctuations in teaching job market; new options for women resulting in fewer women training as teachers. Interviewer's comment that today's students cling to studies to avoid facing employment difficulties; subject's comment that students/workers are cushioned now against unemployment as her generation was not. Happy period of personal professional expansion in 1950s; interesting, informative recruiting forays; competition with Civil Service for graduate students. Queen's as a continuing factor in subject's work-1ife;examples of Queen's economic grads snapped up by Ottawa government employers. Subject's father as Kingston banker (her introduction to Commerce); cashiering as almost exclusively female occupation, too routine for male workers. Male secretaries. Earl Maclaughlin (Head of Royal Bank), John Deutsch (Bank of Canada), as Queen's grads who worked from bottom to top. Stenography as women's work.//Job satisfaction hiring people and seeing them improve, fitting people to the right job. Decision to quit, based on change in office atmosphere, employee-employer relationship based on remuneration rather than attachment, loyalty. Mushrooming number of assistants; job mechanization; loss of human contact, stimulus; loss of identity in huge bureaucracy. Queen's as a closeknit organisation despite growth; present-day organisation of students for orientation. Subject's observation that in her day, students had to be serious to put up with boarding­house life for the sake of studies. Recollection of woman student secretly married before graduation (c. 1926), then unheard-of. Student activities as a vital part of university experience. Financial struggle as partial explanation of single status of many of subject's contemporaries (no easy credit, no possibility of wife working); imposition of single status on career-minded women. Unlimited budget as Bank librarian; government papers as core of financial library (any material having reached book form being out of date). Former attitude to equal work for unequal pay: resignation to acknowledged injustice, satisfaction sought in work itself.

File consists of a recording of Christine Rice. Topics of the conversation include childhood recollection of stove-heated country school (Lanark County). Great-grandfather's forced enrolment in navy, emigration from Dublin; wounds incurred in War of 1812, reward of good farm in Drummond County. Rice family library, bookishness; uncle as first editor of Perth Courier. Horse-and-cutter winter rides to Perth Collegiate, thumbed sleigh-rides. WWI plan whereby students quitting school to do farmwork were automatically awarded junior matriculation. Normal school attendance, 1920; short spell teaching. Extramural work from Queen's to qualify as high school teacher; regular attendance 1923-27. Mother's approval of academic ambition (father's death in 1918). Summer work in Halifax fisheries. Counsel from Queen's professor not to follow her preference for Physics, but to enroll in Biology, Chemistry as more eligible, suitable fields for women. Decision to teach in lieu of anything more compatible; desire to support self, widowed mother. Residence in Ban Righ the year it opened. Card games, dances; skating exercise to clear the head before exams; showshoeing. Seminal philosophy course with Reid MacCallum, 'Philosophy as affected by Science'; subject's fascination with atomic theory, subtleties of probability and statistics compared with cut-and-dried mechanistic world-view. Philosophy as excellent preparation for the research scientist, 'to get away from the notion that facts are facts'. Subject's readings in philosophy; current interest in Canadian novel as means of comparing French Canadians and English Canadians. Opinion that, allowing for change, Canada should remain unified; similar reactions of both cultures (though French Canadians may think faster). Subject's medal in Biology. Smelly maritime bacterial study of lobster decomposition under Dr. Macleod (associate of Drs. Banting, Best). PhD work in tuberculosis research, BCG vaccine (completed in 1931) broken by year's research in immunology, diagnosis (Dept. of Health, Albany).//Discrimination against subject as PhD student by MD students at U. of T. Subject's ambition, Iimited to research: observation of how good researchers are lured, pushed into administrative work; self-deception of administrators who think they will find time for research sideline. Administrative interference in research-work: pressure from grant councils to publish prematurely; pressure to state in applications what one will not know till one concludes research. Taxpayers' clamour for results; need for both pure and applied science; outstanding imaginative abilities needed for basic research. Subject's 13-year period in Public Health work, Albany; return to Kingston (1943) to research immunizing agents ('against things the Germans didn't use, but might have used') for Dept. of National Defence, Division of Bacteriological Welfare. Return to Albany (1945) for year's research into Influenza B virus; realisation one should take out citizenship in country one resides in; feeling of irrefutable Canadian identity, return to Canada. Work in Health of Animals Division, Dept. of Agriculture. Subject's key paper on imperfect applicability of human immunology research findings to animal species, and vice versa; danger of generalizations made from animal research findings (e.g. cancer research); problems of relative dosage, susceptibilities; thalidimide scandal. Memories of Nazi preparations in Freiburg during early 1930s: economic depression; manipulation of unemployed youth into feeling useful, happy solidarity; Hitler's pathological abuse of power; subject's feeling that power corrupts even the good man. Retirement, 1967. Agricultural fellowship to study cattle brucellosis in New Zealand; work teaching results to students in Seoul, Korea on return trip. Retirement projects in Perth: gardening, budget-work for local senior citizens' centre. //Subject's feeling as female professional of having to produce more than male colleagues. Once-a-year conference attendance; delegation of extra conferences to junior colleagues, partly for their benefit, partly through irritation at wasted time; opinion that this was a professional mistake. Subject as President, Perth Queen's Alumni; Alumni quarter-yearly programmes. McMartin House Senior Citizens' centre: grant applications; building reconstruction by Heritage Foundation; crafts, social activities; membership drive, desire for young members as well as old, for benefit of all generations; income from quilting activities; expensive utilities budget, dependence on grants. Problem of running drop-in centre for people who won't drop in. Desire that McMartin gardening club develop into branch of horticultural society. McMartin House finances, rental income. Previous membership in the University Women's Club. Leisure activities; homework keeping up with scientific literature; study, work, as subject's major lifelong interests. Dislike of senior citizens' party 'hub-bub'; hearing difficulties as socially inhibiting factor in aged. Secure position in Albany during Depression; reminiscences of real estate bargains, raiIroad transients. Varying wisdom of regional governments in dealing with Depression: dismissal of specialists during economic crisis later regretted during WWII.

File consists of a recording of Gladys Lennon. Topics of the conversation include regular four-year relocations as minister's child; family relations with three brothers, connection with Bishop's College (Lennoxville, Quebec). Unwilling enrolment, at father's insistence, in Bishop's education course; seven unhappy years as schoolteacher. English major, French minor at Queen's; continued study of French throughout working life; loss of fluency since removal from French-speaking milieu. Assessment of Canadian bilingualism as 'not much of a prob­lem' (any English-speaking person can learn French if he tries); example of nephew tutored by fellow taxicab drivers. Ambition to drive, thwarted by brothers' prior claim on family car. Business course in Montreal ('which I wanted to do in the first place') following schoolteaching; 23 years' happy employment with Canadian Press. World War II memory of reporting on Montreal munitions factory French­ speaking celebration of its one-millionth shell. Fifteen years' employment with CP in Montreal (opening home to mother after father's death); advantage taken of CP hiring system to transfer to New York; transfer to Toronto. Canadian Press interviewing trip to Newfoundland; entertaining, educational value of CP career; analogous idea of Brian Moore's The Luck of Ginger Coffey. Acceptance of United Church Beard of Home Missions offer of employment; unsought nature of resignation from CP, honest decision that churchwork would be nearer her interests. Choice of 'ministers' grants' portfolio rather than 'church property', pleasure in acquaintance with world-wide endeavours of ministers, missionaries; recently threatened position of Brazilian missionary. Local (Kingston) church missions work as an habitual female preserve, despite numbers of missionaries of both sexes. Current post-retirement responsibility for informing and instructing Queen St. (Kingston) United Church missions units; role as information gatherer, human research index to Colbourne St. missions library; congregational role as prompter, 'trying to get the women interested in what we're supposed to be interested in', hand in Church publications (Mandate, minute remissions). Desire to be relieved of missions responsibilities, while maintaining strong missions interests developed since childhood. Admiration for achievements of female ministers. Single status; marriage as something that 'just never happened'. Lengthy CP position as sole female employee.//Comic anecdote of returned airforce pilot (missing, presumed dead). Self-characterization as neither writer nor talker. Satisfaction with personal lot, unusual chance at 'two such interesting backgrounds'. Mother's support for subject's ambitions; father's selfishness. Appreciation of United Church role as religious 'leader'; admiration for former moderators Howard, McClure.

File consists of a recording of Marjorie Bates. Topics of the conversation include childhood in Prince Edward County; enrolment at Queen's following family tradition. Resistance to Ban Righ regulations after lenient years at YWCA, Hen Coop; close affiliation of women residents with male rugby team. Determined social life, desirability of attending all dances; general introduction of men to women at Freshmen's Reception, Grant Hall. Superficial assessment of dates by looks, dancing; moral firmness, abhorrence of 'sordid' advances likely to spoil the fun; appreciation of 'pure fun' feeling that lasts a lifetime. Lack of participation in student politics, feeling that students are too young to handle them. University socializing at that time as leading perhaps to engagement, not to marriage. Subject's engagement, later broken; mother's insistence that she not marry while ignorant of the household arts; year's attendance at MacDonald Institute, Guelph, splendid education in domestic, dietetic skills. Employment as private dietician for sanatorium, movie director's wife, while staying in Los Angeles; return home at parents' bidding. Attendance at Ontario College of Education; six years' enjoyable teaching (1930-36), marriage to school principal. OCE warning that 50% of students would not get jobs. EngIish instruction at Port Arthur Collegiate; position at Burlington Central High; enthusiastic participation in dramatic events, continued with pleasure after retirement: newspaper article 'Goodbye Mrs.Chips' following husband's retirement (1964). Subject's philosophy of education: belief in exams, standards, as preparation for life; dislike of 'open concept' schooling as too confusing, distracting for discussion purposes. Mental backbone of her generation, despite frivolity; 'tough' quality compared with today's coddled students. Ten-year gap between subject's graduation, marriage; lack of parental pressure to marry. Grant Hall as focal point of Queen's experience, site of examinations, initiation, dances, etc. Initiation programme, later abolished due to one participant's heart failure. Initiation psychology: emotional impact of two weeks' subservience to seniors, public ridicule, ending in formal acceptance by seniors at Candlelighting service; tremendous bonds formed as result of ordeal. All-night formals at Grant Hall, glories of a by-gone era; disappointment of gym formal 5 years later. Subject as founding member of flourishing Burlington Arts and Letters Society; volunteer involvement with United Church Women of Canada; 12-year participation, presidency, in Joseph Brant Hospital Auxiliary.

Joseph Brant pre-operative programme for children, leading up to hospital experience. Possible role of hospital Auxiliary in heart resuscitation education: present-day need for life-saving skills, subject's desire to 'train the whole town'. Male participation in Auxiliary. Subject's belief in strict supervision of volunteers, rules preventing them from helping patients in natural ways leading to accidents, liability. Decade of frequent travel, effectively distancing husband from work after retirement. Home study preparation for travel; enjoyment of Africa, Scandinavia; designing trips as immersion into national culture, home­ life. Subject's feeling of having experienced everything in life at the right time: high school when attitudes were healthy; college without drugs, alcohol; teaching when the students were receptive; travel when places now barred/blown up were still accessible. Strong feeling that high school students aren't prepared for, shouldn't have to cope with, pressures such as social dope-pushing. Lesson of Depression years that current 'bureaucratic spending spree' won't work. Husband's citizenship award, 'Man of the Year'; portrait commissioned by students, scholarship founded in his name.

File consists of a recording of Edith Ferguson. Topics of the conversation include application for highschool teaching positions,1932-41; unhappy employment at lower salary in public schools. Teaching career seen in rural Ontario childhood as least of three possible evils (nursing, stenography); decision to quit and enter social work (inspired by women professionals' programme of talks to women students, arranged by Queen's Dean of Women Hilda Laird). Attendance at School of Social Work, Univ. of Toronto; temporary employment in Hamilton community centre. 'Bitty' employment, Toronto, 1938-41 (supply-teaching, clerical work, reading to blind person); job-hunting, extensive reading. Employment in munitions plant (1941-43) as personnel interviewer, as factory worker till contraction of dermatitis (occupational hazard). YMCA employment as assistant organiser, armed services recreation programmes; transfer to Scotland; details of services. Application, eager for adventure, to United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration programme (London); clerical posting to British Zone, Germany, duties as welfare officer in displaced persons camps. Poor housing in camps; multinational population, administration; multilingual atmosphere; social life and travel commitments of administrators. Return to Canada, 1947; two months' residence with mother; undesirable, uneconomical employment as caseworker, Toronto Children's Aid Society. Transfer to Columbia Univ. for MA in Adult Education; completion of degree by two summers' fulltime study, one-year's part­ time coursework combined with overload of menial employment (I don't think I've ever worked so hard before or since'). Return to Canada, renewed unemployment, residence with mother; cornering of community organisation and adult education jobs, seen as new fields in Canada, by men; postwar job priority accorded to men. Seasonal employment with Ontario Farm Radio Forum; summer employment with Canadian Association for Adult Education; temporary employment with Canadian Citizenship Council, as Canadian immigration counsellor in International Refugee Organisation camps, Germany. Improvement in camp conditions since previous employment. Employment as assistant to Director, Windsor Social Planning Council, 1952-60; enjoyment of community service committee activities (housing, mental health, immigration, unemployment), widespread conference participation. //Resignation from WSPC; recognition of personal restlessness, disinclination to stagnate, tendency to succession of short-term jobs combined with assiduous job-hunting. One-year employment as Director of community centre for established 'Black' community and newcomer West Indians (Toronto), problems integrating downtrodden 'Blacks' with self-confident West Indians. Fifteen-month stint as committee worker on Metropolitan Toronto Social Planning Council; pursuit of interest in immigration, despite expectation of remaining with SPC till retirement. Previous inability to find work in self-acknowledged field of immigration because of Canadian lack of understanding of immigrant problems, consequent lack of services. Sacrifice of job security for two-year appointment as special project supervisor, International Institute of Metropolitan Toronto; challenge of reorienting post-WWII immigrant services to accommodate new wave of Mediterranean rural immigrants. Widely publicized report Newcomers in Transition, leading to second two-year project (male-oriented) to convert unskilled immigrant people into semi-skilled workers; summary report Newcomers and New Learning. Two years' work with eight temporary employers: YMCA national headquarters, St. Christopher House (settlement house), Canadian Council on Social Development, Canadian Association of Social Workers, Toronto City Planning Dept., Cradleship Crèche day-nursery, Board of Education truancy department, Royal Commission on Status of Women. Brief return to Metropolitan Toronto Social Planning Council; five months' temporary survey work with Dept. of Manpower and Immigration. Critical report Immigrant Integration (directed at Ontario government), prepared for independent Ontario Economic Council; subject's pride in extra funds allotted to provincial immigration dept. as result of her recommendations. Employment since 1971: preparation of handbook for immigrants (Ministry of Community and Social Services); report on migrants, People on the Move (Canadian Council on Social Development); task force survey, Secretary of State dept.; seasonal employment, Ministry of Culture and Recreation; as organiser of intercultural seminars in ten Toronto cultural neighbourhoods, helping community workers and immigrants to understand each other; preparing publications for Guidance Section, Faculty of Education, Univ. of Toronto. Subject's 'outstanding woman' award, Province of Ontario (International Women's Year), election to Order of Canada. Precariousness, financial uncertainty of subject's career; motto 'I'd rather be dead than be bored', readiness to quit work which proved unsatisfactory. Mushrooming of immigration services in subject's time; dismay at lack of interest shown in beginning stages, social workers' insensitivity to immigrant problems. Smooth sailing of subject's career following Toronto professional recognition. Quebec separatist issue seen in light of larger multiculturalism issue; Canada as a country still in process of building, assimilating. Changes in Canadian social life since Depression era: self-reliance, resourcefulness of earlier social gatherings (subject's organ accompaniment to brother's fiddle numbers at Depression barn dances); greater sociabiIity, inexpensive fun, 'just plain visiting' of recently bygone Canadian era.

File consists of a recording of Marion Ross.