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File consists of a recording of Christine Rice. Topics of the conversation include childhood recollection of stove-heated country school (Lanark County). Great-grandfather's forced enrolment in navy, emigration from Dublin; wounds incurred in War of 1812, reward of good farm in Drummond County. Rice family library, bookishness; uncle as first editor of Perth Courier. Horse-and-cutter winter rides to Perth Collegiate, thumbed sleigh-rides. WWI plan whereby students quitting school to do farmwork were automatically awarded junior matriculation. Normal school attendance, 1920; short spell teaching. Extramural work from Queen's to qualify as high school teacher; regular attendance 1923-27. Mother's approval of academic ambition (father's death in 1918). Summer work in Halifax fisheries. Counsel from Queen's professor not to follow her preference for Physics, but to enroll in Biology, Chemistry as more eligible, suitable fields for women. Decision to teach in lieu of anything more compatible; desire to support self, widowed mother. Residence in Ban Righ the year it opened. Card games, dances; skating exercise to clear the head before exams; showshoeing. Seminal philosophy course with Reid MacCallum, 'Philosophy as affected by Science'; subject's fascination with atomic theory, subtleties of probability and statistics compared with cut-and-dried mechanistic world-view. Philosophy as excellent preparation for the research scientist, 'to get away from the notion that facts are facts'. Subject's readings in philosophy; current interest in Canadian novel as means of comparing French Canadians and English Canadians. Opinion that, allowing for change, Canada should remain unified; similar reactions of both cultures (though French Canadians may think faster). Subject's medal in Biology. Smelly maritime bacterial study of lobster decomposition under Dr. Macleod (associate of Drs. Banting, Best). PhD work in tuberculosis research, BCG vaccine (completed in 1931) broken by year's research in immunology, diagnosis (Dept. of Health, Albany).//Discrimination against subject as PhD student by MD students at U. of T. Subject's ambition, Iimited to research: observation of how good researchers are lured, pushed into administrative work; self-deception of administrators who think they will find time for research sideline. Administrative interference in research-work: pressure from grant councils to publish prematurely; pressure to state in applications what one will not know till one concludes research. Taxpayers' clamour for results; need for both pure and applied science; outstanding imaginative abilities needed for basic research. Subject's 13-year period in Public Health work, Albany; return to Kingston (1943) to research immunizing agents ('against things the Germans didn't use, but might have used') for Dept. of National Defence, Division of Bacteriological Welfare. Return to Albany (1945) for year's research into Influenza B virus; realisation one should take out citizenship in country one resides in; feeling of irrefutable Canadian identity, return to Canada. Work in Health of Animals Division, Dept. of Agriculture. Subject's key paper on imperfect applicability of human immunology research findings to animal species, and vice versa; danger of generalizations made from animal research findings (e.g. cancer research); problems of relative dosage, susceptibilities; thalidimide scandal. Memories of Nazi preparations in Freiburg during early 1930s: economic depression; manipulation of unemployed youth into feeling useful, happy solidarity; Hitler's pathological abuse of power; subject's feeling that power corrupts even the good man. Retirement, 1967. Agricultural fellowship to study cattle brucellosis in New Zealand; work teaching results to students in Seoul, Korea on return trip. Retirement projects in Perth: gardening, budget-work for local senior citizens' centre. //Subject's feeling as female professional of having to produce more than male colleagues. Once-a-year conference attendance; delegation of extra conferences to junior colleagues, partly for their benefit, partly through irritation at wasted time; opinion that this was a professional mistake. Subject as President, Perth Queen's Alumni; Alumni quarter-yearly programmes. McMartin House Senior Citizens' centre: grant applications; building reconstruction by Heritage Foundation; crafts, social activities; membership drive, desire for young members as well as old, for benefit of all generations; income from quilting activities; expensive utilities budget, dependence on grants. Problem of running drop-in centre for people who won't drop in. Desire that McMartin gardening club develop into branch of horticultural society. McMartin House finances, rental income. Previous membership in the University Women's Club. Leisure activities; homework keeping up with scientific literature; study, work, as subject's major lifelong interests. Dislike of senior citizens' party 'hub-bub'; hearing difficulties as socially inhibiting factor in aged. Secure position in Albany during Depression; reminiscences of real estate bargains, raiIroad transients. Varying wisdom of regional governments in dealing with Depression: dismissal of specialists during economic crisis later regretted during WWII.

File consists of a recording of Marion Ross.

File consists of a recording of Mary Rowland. Topics of the conversation include limited job opportunity for subject as Queen's Commerce graduate, 1928;usual female procedure into teaching, office work; job scarcity for statisticians. Career development: Ottawa Tariff Board position, recommended by Dr. Mackintosh (subject let go without notice after Stock Market crash, change of government); brief employment by Montreal advertising agency; Queen's library work, prompting study at U. of T. Library School (subsequent disappointing salary raise of $2 per week). Approach from Queen's fellow-student Sandy Skelton (Rhodes Scholar; son of O.D.Skelton, Queen's graduate prominent in Dept. of External Affairs), Chief of Research Dept., Bank of Canada, to organise most important financial library in Canada previous to Bank opening (1936). Organisation of library from scratch, 'a young librarian's dream'; appointment as Assistant to the Secretary (Skelton),Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations; huge Commission programme, enlisting eminent economists from across Canada (notably Drs. Mackintosh, Corry, Deutsch - all Queen's Principals). Subject's original Queen's degree programme, dominant interest in organisations: involvement as Levana Society president, captain of champion intercollegiate women's hockey team. Photographs of Levana executive, hockey team (including H. Laird); interviewer's fascination with changing style of hockey uniforms, short haircuts, 'tube' skates; subject's recent contact with members, still energetic, great travellers. Travel experiences: boat trip to visit German exchange­student (1937); trips abroad after 1958; yearly trips since 1970. Photographic hobby. Shelving of Royal Commission report with advent of WWII; subject's Personnel Dept. position in charge of Bank of Canada female employees. Personnel expansion during WWII: hiring students, housewives, retired persons by the hundred to staff War Savings Certificates Dept., Foreign Exchange Control Board; contrast with previous tight job market; low salaries (not till the end of war did salaries match work). Article on subject, 'Name in the News', Toronto Saturday Night; photo portrait by Karsh. Position as Assistant to Chief of Personnel, in charge of both sexes; reflection on sexual basis, now unacceptable, of previous position in charge of female employees. Recruiting for Bank at Queen's. Cancellation of Foreign Exchange Board, release of married women by Bank after WWII; retention of 200-300 single/needy women; general sentiment that women should make way for men in the post-war job market. Return of married women to paid work in the 1960s, related to 1950s baby boom; fluctuations in teaching job market; new options for women resulting in fewer women training as teachers. Interviewer's comment that today's students cling to studies to avoid facing employment difficulties; subject's comment that students/workers are cushioned now against unemployment as her generation was not. Happy period of personal professional expansion in 1950s; interesting, informative recruiting forays; competition with Civil Service for graduate students. Queen's as a continuing factor in subject's work-1ife;examples of Queen's economic grads snapped up by Ottawa government employers. Subject's father as Kingston banker (her introduction to Commerce); cashiering as almost exclusively female occupation, too routine for male workers. Male secretaries. Earl Maclaughlin (Head of Royal Bank), John Deutsch (Bank of Canada), as Queen's grads who worked from bottom to top. Stenography as women's work.//Job satisfaction hiring people and seeing them improve, fitting people to the right job. Decision to quit, based on change in office atmosphere, employee-employer relationship based on remuneration rather than attachment, loyalty. Mushrooming number of assistants; job mechanization; loss of human contact, stimulus; loss of identity in huge bureaucracy. Queen's as a closeknit organisation despite growth; present-day organisation of students for orientation. Subject's observation that in her day, students had to be serious to put up with boarding­house life for the sake of studies. Recollection of woman student secretly married before graduation (c. 1926), then unheard-of. Student activities as a vital part of university experience. Financial struggle as partial explanation of single status of many of subject's contemporaries (no easy credit, no possibility of wife working); imposition of single status on career-minded women. Unlimited budget as Bank librarian; government papers as core of financial library (any material having reached book form being out of date). Former attitude to equal work for unequal pay: resignation to acknowledged injustice, satisfaction sought in work itself.

File consists of a recording of Marjorie Bates. Topics of the conversation include childhood in Prince Edward County; enrolment at Queen's following family tradition. Resistance to Ban Righ regulations after lenient years at YWCA, Hen Coop; close affiliation of women residents with male rugby team. Determined social life, desirability of attending all dances; general introduction of men to women at Freshmen's Reception, Grant Hall. Superficial assessment of dates by looks, dancing; moral firmness, abhorrence of 'sordid' advances likely to spoil the fun; appreciation of 'pure fun' feeling that lasts a lifetime. Lack of participation in student politics, feeling that students are too young to handle them. University socializing at that time as leading perhaps to engagement, not to marriage. Subject's engagement, later broken; mother's insistence that she not marry while ignorant of the household arts; year's attendance at MacDonald Institute, Guelph, splendid education in domestic, dietetic skills. Employment as private dietician for sanatorium, movie director's wife, while staying in Los Angeles; return home at parents' bidding. Attendance at Ontario College of Education; six years' enjoyable teaching (1930-36), marriage to school principal. OCE warning that 50% of students would not get jobs. EngIish instruction at Port Arthur Collegiate; position at Burlington Central High; enthusiastic participation in dramatic events, continued with pleasure after retirement: newspaper article 'Goodbye Mrs.Chips' following husband's retirement (1964). Subject's philosophy of education: belief in exams, standards, as preparation for life; dislike of 'open concept' schooling as too confusing, distracting for discussion purposes. Mental backbone of her generation, despite frivolity; 'tough' quality compared with today's coddled students. Ten-year gap between subject's graduation, marriage; lack of parental pressure to marry. Grant Hall as focal point of Queen's experience, site of examinations, initiation, dances, etc. Initiation programme, later abolished due to one participant's heart failure. Initiation psychology: emotional impact of two weeks' subservience to seniors, public ridicule, ending in formal acceptance by seniors at Candlelighting service; tremendous bonds formed as result of ordeal. All-night formals at Grant Hall, glories of a by-gone era; disappointment of gym formal 5 years later. Subject as founding member of flourishing Burlington Arts and Letters Society; volunteer involvement with United Church Women of Canada; 12-year participation, presidency, in Joseph Brant Hospital Auxiliary.

Joseph Brant pre-operative programme for children, leading up to hospital experience. Possible role of hospital Auxiliary in heart resuscitation education: present-day need for life-saving skills, subject's desire to 'train the whole town'. Male participation in Auxiliary. Subject's belief in strict supervision of volunteers, rules preventing them from helping patients in natural ways leading to accidents, liability. Decade of frequent travel, effectively distancing husband from work after retirement. Home study preparation for travel; enjoyment of Africa, Scandinavia; designing trips as immersion into national culture, home­ life. Subject's feeling of having experienced everything in life at the right time: high school when attitudes were healthy; college without drugs, alcohol; teaching when the students were receptive; travel when places now barred/blown up were still accessible. Strong feeling that high school students aren't prepared for, shouldn't have to cope with, pressures such as social dope-pushing. Lesson of Depression years that current 'bureaucratic spending spree' won't work. Husband's citizenship award, 'Man of the Year'; portrait commissioned by students, scholarship founded in his name.

File consists of a recording of Dr. Allie Vibert Douglas. Topics of the conversation include concern as Queen's Dean of Women (1939) that women students should contribute to WWII: establishment of Red Cross workroom, production of quilts for underground shelters and hospitals, Britain. Mandatory two hours' war work per student weekly: option of Red Cross workroom, canteen work, or military visiting duties, 'anything that made a more useful citizen'. Compulsory lectures, preparing students for possible sabotage emergencies; option of evening courses at KCVI, developing able wartime citizenship. Compulsory St. John's Ambulance first aid course in first term, home nursing in final term; generous participation of doctors, Kingston General Hospital staff; end-of-year examinations (compulsory repetition in case of failure). Head of Phys. Ed. Miss Ross' valuable course in basic drill, leading to enlistment of many female students in army, air force, navy (e.g. Mrs. Fred Gibson). Soccer practice of Commonwealth air trainees on Queen's lower campus: 'it was lovely to see them'. Mrs. Grace Miller's knowledge (as math student at Queen's prior to WWI) of subject (by name) as math student at McGill: notoriety of Canadian women math students due to scarcity. Three undergraduate years at McGill, four years in London (c. WWI). Astonishment after Queen's appointment (1939) that 'women were really hardly regarded as full members of the university'; universal disaster was required to open Medical School to women at McGill (WWI), Queen's (WWII). Subject's written recommendation that Queen's Med School be opened to women; Principal Wallace's rationalization of continued discrimination; pressure applied by wartime government, badly in need of qualified doctors. Limited admission of selected female Med. students midway through WWII. Exclusive male societies on Queen's campus (Philosophy, Political Science); subject's protest of Principal Wallace's customary absence at women's Levana Society graduating dinner, soon rectified. Teas held by subject (as Department of Immigration representative at Queen's) for overseas students (mostly men), limited by rationing, tight university budget; problem of racially prejudiced Kingston landladies, efforts of Mr. Dewar hunting out welcoming accommodations. Proposal of Overseas Club by Jamaican student; donation by public-spirited Service Club man of former home of Physics Professor Harry Harkness (sponsor of Chinese students; high proportion of Chinese in original Overseas programme at Queen's) as first International Students' Centre. Memberships in international organizations: International Federation of University Women (since 1920); International Union of Astronomers; International Union for History and Philosophy of Science. Appointment as IFUW president (1947). Overseas conference participation twice yearly; thoughtful solicitation of chocolate bars from Queen's students, distributed at post-war sugar-starved European conferences; similar distribution of toilet soap at University Service-run recuperation camps (Zurich vicinity) for deported students of occupied countries, who had caught tuberculosis while serving at hard labour. Opportunity to share conference experiences with Queen's students, to impart new discoveries to astronomy students before textbooks could publish them. Honorary degree from University of Queensland, awarded alongside Mlle Jeanne Chaton (heroic underground figure in World Wars I and II). Desperate difficulty securing accommodation in Czechoslovakia prior to 1967 Astronomical Conference (rejection of foreigners by hotel managements unless recommended by Tourist Bureau); lovely experience walking in mountains, 'you felt so safe'. VIP treatment of delegates to Moscow conference of International Union of Astronomers; tour of great Soviet observatories (Leningrad, Crimea, Georgia: Armenian observatory of Dr. V.A. Ambartsumyan). Queen's Ellis Hall observatory, used for student training, public education; potential for modest research programme in photoelectric photometry. Work at Cambridge, England (1921-3) under Lord Ernest Rutherford, Sir Arthur Eddington. Subject's biography of Eddington (pubIished 1956): encouragement from fellow astronomical delegates, rejection by Cambridge University Press as too great a financial risk, acceptance by Nelson's Edinburgh.//lnternational expansion of IFUW: founding in 1918 by 'two outstanding women', Professor Caroline Spurgeon (London University), Dean Virginia Gildersleeve; Canada as third entrant; acquisition of nearly all Western European countries; loss of several nations to USSR following WWII. African memberships in IFUW; Makerere University conference; IFUW work encouraging discriminatory Muslim countries to open higher education to women. Grenoble IUA conference. Realization at Cambridge of personal unsuitability for experimental physics, ideal suitability for astrophysics. Subject's introduction of Astrophysics at McGill University; enlargement of Queen's undergraduate astrophysics programme, introduction of graduate-level programme. Full schedule as combined Dean of Women and Astrophysics lecturer, especially heavy during WWII; disapproval of male 'raids' on women's residences as form of 'bullying', dealings with male students; criticism of University Administration for not taking measures to protect women students from nervous strain. Student accommodation difficulties following WWII: 'great rush' of OVA students back to campus; 'marvellous time' had by mature female students (packed like sardines into newly rented residence house); enthusiastic leadership of Warden Evelyn Macleod. Alterations made for residential purposes to wooden Army huts at St. Mary's-of-the-Lake Hospital; Principal Wallace's anxiety that smoking in residence be prohibited to mature female students, despite permission to male students; subject's refusal to administer a sexist prohibition so absurdly illogical.